English and Spanish New World Colonies Essay

Most of the powerful Western European Nations became involved in exploration of the Americas. Spain started the trend with the exploration of Columbus. Observers realized that Columbus had not discovered Spice Islands south of China, but a whole new world to the Europeans. Expeditions of exploration in search of wealth were the first action of the explorers of the new land. Immediate metal wealth was not found in the Caribbean Islands, but it was found later on the Americas mainland. England was then enticed to claim land for itself, and claimed the lands of North America and benefited from early trading posts. Spain and England both participated in the exploration and colonization of the Americas, but their ambitions were different based upon the surrounding environment. Spain focused its exploration on the lands surrounding the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific link on the Western coast of South America. Like the English, the indigenous people of the acted friendly towards the Spanish explorers, then resisted after unjust massacres occurred. This common reaction comes with the part of human nature that accepts others, and rejects them after they have participated in undesirable actions. Similar to the English, the Spanish also colonized the lands of the new world and developed large cities, which served as political and economic centers. The geography of Central and South America contributed greatly to the amount of metals and valuable resources that were extracted from the ground and from the artifacts of the natives. Unlike the English, the Spanish employed Viceroys, or officials to rule the new world to keep order. These Viceroys reported directly to the king, and could be removed from office by a court of lawyers. These rulers were essential to the vast, spread out landmass that the Spanish conquered. Encompassing many different cultures such as the Aztec and the Inca, it was essential for the Spanish to have powerful political figures to run the government in the place of a king. The English however, relied on direct ties to the royalty of England to run their colonies. The English explored the colder, less metal rich region of North America. Although North America lacked in valuable metals, it was the source of furs that would revolutionize the European economy. The English were similar in  their economic views of establishing permanent colonies after the wealth of the trapping of beavers was extracted. Located within North America were greatly diffused native populations of different tribes. This did not lend well to missionary work, or laborers. Unlike the Spanish, the English did not breed with the indigenous people, and they received slaves from Africa to satisfy their labor needs. But similarly to the Spanish, the English contributed a large amount of their revenue created in the Americas to add wealth to their kings, and to expand the size and power of their armies. Overall, the Spanish and English shared many economic goals in expansion and exploration. However, their political structure and social organization differed from the environmental conditions and the personal cultural views. The establishment in political, social, and economic centers of power was a parallel evolution between these two country’s colonies, as is the enrichment of their country’s treasury and power.

Lies, Lies, Lies Essay

The white lie is an age old embellishment that has different reasons for being told. When it is all said and done a white lie is still a lie. A lie told with perfectly good intentions. A lie told to spare someone’s feelings. A lie about something trivial, which will have few consequences if you’re caught. A minor, polite, or harmless lie, a white lie is considered harmless as opposed to a black lie which is evil. Anything that is not accurate is a lie. There are a million reasons to tell a social white lie. Being nice leads to lying to prevent hurting someone’s feelings and it is commonly used by all. The baby in a stroller and the mother looks up, it is natural to say â€Å"What a cute baby† It could be the ugliest baby; yet the need to make a charitable response leads to a lie. Or Men say â€Å"I love you too† a white lie commonly told by men. The boss has on a dress that looks horrible, â€Å"What a beautiful dress† would someone tell the boss her dress is ugly. These are just examples of how we get caught up and we feel the need to say something positive instead of telling the truth. Lying begins early, if you observe children most know how to fib at the age of 4. By 6 they stop fibbing and begin lying. Watching and observing their parents, they gain insight in imitating their parents in the art of deception, they are told how to lie to relatives about gifts they may not like, and thus starts the white lies. The proverbial lie is used in our society to make small talk, to have someone show favor, when we greet someone, and we often lie to ourselves, â€Å"I am going to get up each day and walk.† I’ve said it, and I know I want to but I don’t. Salesman says anything you want to hear to sell a product. The doorman says â€Å"Have a good day†, no tip, doesn’t care if you even live another day almost every white lie is because of what a person wants to achieve with that white lie. It is almost second nature to living how we deceive, the Landlord I mailed that check yesterday. I lost my debt card can’t make the payment today will call as soon as I get my replacement! *I can’t come in today I have diarrhea; you’re going to the movie matinee. Researchers have been studying deception for decades, trying to figure out why we tell lies. It seems that our capacity for deceit appears nearly endless. That doesn’t mean we just tell a lie to hear it there is a purpose for the madness. Still lying is generally regarded as immoral and distasteful, â€Å"No one likes being lied to,† says former FBI agent and lying expert Joe Navarro. â€Å"We use lies to grease the wheels of social discourse.† Says University of Massachusetts psychologist Robert Feldman.

A Competitive And Strategic Corporate Analysis Marketing Essay

A Competitive And Strategic Corporate Analysis Marketing Essay Introduction The airline industry is one of the most difficult business sectors where competition has proven to be extremely difficult among the many different competing airline services available around the world. Many airline services in the past have experienced disastrous business cycle, timeliness and overcapacity issues. Moreover, the different airline services also complain of their experienced difficulty in differentiating themselves from competition. These airline services also maintain such high-risk profiles because of such high expectations from their customers (Wirt, Heracleous & Pangarkar, 2007). Singapore Airlines, one of the strongest and famous airline service providers, remains to be one of the most profitable airline companies in the world today. Several reasons can be attributed to the huge success that Singapore Airlines enjoys today. One is its strong brand management strategies driven mainly by its excellent line-up of top-management and boardroom employees. S ingapore Airlines is composed of many dedicated and professional employees both in its front and back-end office who serve as the drivers of its solid brand strategy (Roll, M. 2010). Singapore Airlines is truly a global and diversified organization unified by one aim of delivering excellent quality and service to its customers. What separates this airline from other airline service companies is its heavy investment in building and maintaining its solid brand equity. The Singapore Airlines brand is known for its consistency in delivering its primary message to its consumers which is â€Å"Singapore Airlines- A great way to fly† coupled with its dedicated and honest delivery of that communication message to its consumers (Roll, M. 2010). The brand strategy of the Singapore Airlines is centered on its world-class in-flight experience: the warmth and hospitality of the Singapore Girl, its excellent service and its focus on the customer. Whereas other competing airline services al so tried to pursue the path that Singapore Airlines has taken, no other airline has matched Singapore Airlines in terms of its honest commitment and consistency in delivering its brand promise to its consumers (Roll, M. 2010). As a result, the Singapore Airlines brand managed to deliver excellent financial results through its three-fold strategy: a.) Avoiding knee-jerk reactionary behaviors on any price changes and consistently deliver the brand benefits in order to maintain a high revenue b.) Cut down the costs by pursuing ownership of the best yet most cost-efficient aircrafts and properly responding to increases in fuel prices and c.) Remaining true to the brand in terms of consistency in delivering service to drive up profits (Roll, M. 2010). Background This report-based paper on the â€Å"Competitive and Strategic Corporate Analysis of the Singapore Airlines† aims to evaluate the Singapore Airline’s actual application of the various analytical and planning tools i n Strategic Management. This paper will also discuss the overall strategic posture of Singapore Airlines at the corporate level, that is, whether it is pursuing a global strategy, multi-domestic strategy, international strategy or transnational strategy. Also, this paper will also evaluate whether the company’s management structure and philosophy is aligned with its overall strategic posture. Finally, this paper will come up with a list of recommendations with regard to the company’s strategic focus. Several recommendations will be presented in order for the company to improve and maintain its competitive position.

The Foundation of French Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Foundation of French Literacy - Essay Example It relates to historical incidents of battle of August 15, 778 in which the rear-guard of Charlemagne’s retreating Frank forces is attacked by Basques. A large number of top knights and Duke Roland of the Brittany Marches were killed in the massacre. Ganelon was the master architect of this great act of betrayal. When he was picked by Roland for the peace mission, his relatives and other knights expressed their sympathy as they firmly believed that his life would not be safe. Ganelon accepted the task, certain that he would die. He threatened Roland, "If God should deign that I come back again then I shall stir up such a feud with you that it will last as long as you're alive!" (Anonymous, 1957, 20, pp. 289-291). Emperor Charlemagne was firm about sending Ganelon and said his command must be followed implicitly. Ganelon had no other option, but to comply with the order. In the fight against Muslims in Spain Charlemagne made great strides and Saragossa was the only surviving ci ty ruled by the Muslim King Marsile. Knowing the might of the army of Charlemagne, he dispatched messengers to Charlemagne promising his conversion to Christianity and submission of treasure. In return, he urged him to go back to France. Charlemagne too wished to buy peace as he and his men were tired of the long war. The issue was about selection of a messenger who would represent the King at Marsile’s court. The choice fell on Ganelon, stepfather of Roland. Ganelon, however, viewed this selection with suspicion and feared that he was being sent deliberately to die in the hands of the cruel pagans. He had always hated his stepson and he thought that he had an opportunity to settle scores with Roland. Joining the Saracen peace ambassadors, Ganelon talked at length with Blancandrin as they rode together back to Saragossa. He spat venom against Roland and blamed him for inciting the Franks for the war that was fought without intermission. â€Å"If someone killed him," said Gan elon, "we might all have peace" (Anonymous, 1957, 29, pp. 391). Blancandrin was greatly excited about this observation and both of them pledged to each other and decided to design a plot to get rid of him. Roland was brave but failed to gauge the consequences of his actions and due to this weakness, treacherous Ganelon succeeded in outwitting his knightly companions and his army. Roland’s flaw was his superlative confidence and pride, and he was unwilling to reacquire aid for him and for his army at the time of war, when the situation demanded it. Viewed from this angle he was a poor tactician. Ganelon departed with his retinue. While travelling to Saragossa, he got enough time to talk with his accomplices about the intended plot to kill Roland. Both of them reached to the outdoor assembly of Marsile, who was seated in surroundings that displayed his grandeur. As planned, the meeting began with a stormy start as Ganelon told Marsile that if he failed to accept the terms and c onditions set forth by Charles, he would be doomed to meet his death after the capture. Marsile reacted violently and moved to attack Ganelon, but controlled himself well in time. Ganelon stuck to his assertion and was able to impress the Saracens with his candid disposition. Marsile read Charlemagne’s letter aloud for the benefit of those present in the court, in which he mentioned Basan and Basile, the executed Frankish representatives, and, if interested in saving his life, he must depute his uncle the caliph as the hostage. He warned him about the impending death if he failed to comply and he might have to die "in squalor and disgrace." (Anonymous, 1957, 33, pp. 437) Ganelon told them about the danger posed by Roland and to the question when the war would end he categorically stated

Critical Analsysis Paper on Black Panther Party Essay

Critical Analsysis Paper on Black Panther Party - Essay Example Police brutality was a national issue especially among the black community in the United States in the years preceding 1966 thus leading to the formation of the party. The party sought to arm civilians thereby equipping them in order to monitor the behavior of law enforcement agencies. Police killings and arbitrary arrests became a major concern in the country. Such tendencies continued even after the formation of the party a feature that enhanced the development of the party throughout the United States. The party’s rapid development enhanced brutality against the police a feature that compelled the Federal Bureau of Investigation to devise ways of countering its effect with the view to ending it. Under the leadership of Edgar Hoover, the FBI formulated a system that sought to use police harassment, dedicated surveillance, perjury and infiltration to overcome the party. The tactics later succeeded thereby culminating in the disbandment of the party. Police brutality against the black community heightened as the FBI waged war against the party. Police reigned both terror and repressions against the black community with most confrontations between the African American population and the police ending up in deadly police shootouts. On April 6, 1968 for example, the police killed a 17-year-old boy, Bobby Hutton in West Oakland. The police had set Hutton’s house ablaze thus forcing the teenager to run out of the house only to run into a fire of bullets. The police shot the young boy ten times in a portrayal of the intense brutality the police employed. Two days after the murder of the boy, the police killed Martin Luther King who was beginning to change his stance from non-violent ways of addressing oppressions to radical alternatives (Bloom and Waldo 76). On August 5, 1968, the police killed three panthers at a gas station in Los

Analyse and apply the appropriate marketing strategy in the context of Essay

Analyse and apply the appropriate marketing strategy in the context of the marketing planning process - Essay Example Through study of some important brands and their respective marketing strategies the overall position and pattern have been gauged in context of marketing strategies. Toyota Motor Corporation is a big player in the world of automobiles. It manufactures various types of cars, trucks, passenger cars and minivans. Under the brand name Prius it sells hybrid vehicles. The company also has a wide range of SUV or sport utility vehicles as well as other speciality vehicles. One of the company’s primary objectives is to manufactures such vehicles which would provide safety, security and comfort to the consumers (Company Description, May 2009; Toyotas ITS vision, 2009). Toyota or for that matter any company would set up strategies to achieve its business goals or objectives. Similarly it creates marketing strategies to achieve its goals in terms of marketing objectives. Marketing strategy as a concept caters to three parts, the internal factors of the company itself, the customer and the competitors of the firm. A marketing strategy of a firm focuses on the market in terms of segmentation, targeting and positioning. Segmentation is dividing the market into groups which have similar characteristics. This is used by the companies to target their products to cater to the specific segments. The company always focuses towards creating a higher position for its products in comparison to its competitors so that it can leverage this and sell more. One of the basic and most important concepts of marketing strategy is that of the 4Ps of marketing which constitute the marketing mix of an organisation. The marketing mix or the 4Ps are; product, price, promotion and placement. Toyota offers a wide array of automobiles. It produces trucks, minivans, luxury sedans and hybrids among many other cars. The company also offers various brands for its various offerings. The Lexus brand is its luxury offering. While the Scion brand

The British Royal Marine Corps Influence on the US Marine Corps Research Paper

The British Royal Marine Corps Influence on the US Marine Corps - Research Paper Example In order to understand the complexities of the reactions of the United States corps towards the British corps, it is imperative to first analyze the manner in which the British authority treated the Indians. The facts that have been publicized concerning the British rule in United States corps give a glimpse of the sad realities that faced the population of the Briton at that time. With respect to the British population in India at the time, the Indians did not have any rights. An example of the treatment they faced is best exemplified by the fact that they were not allowed to walk on the sidewalks next to the British. Failure to adhere to this and any other baseless law resulted in the incarceration of the Indian outlaw. It is right to refer to wrongdoers as such since they basically received treatment akin to outlaws. While inside the jails and prisons, the Indians were severely beaten and abused by the commanding British police officers. The treatment of the United Corpse at that time is akin to the treatment of the black population by the Americans in the nineteenth century. It is however imperative to note that this had not always been the status quo. In fact, at the beginning of the British presence in India, the relationship between the British and Indians was quite respectful. The harsh inhumane treatments were realized with the progress of time. The British had gone to the extent of taking on United States corps wives while at the same time embracing a number of Indian customs and traditions.... It is right to refer to wrong doers as such, since they basically received treatment akin to outlaws. While inside the jails and prisons, the Indians were severely beaten and abused by the commanding British police officers. The treatment of the United Corpse at that time is akin to the treatment of the black population by the Americans in the nineteenth centuryiii. It is however imperative to note that this had not always been the status quo. In fact, at the beginning of the British presence in India, the relationship between the British and Indians was quite respectful. The harsh inhumane treatments were realized with progress of time. At the beginning, the British had gone to the extent of taking on United States corps wives while at the same time embracing a number of Indian customs and traditions. So, what factors led to this drastic change in attitude? There is one conjecture that has been entertained by historians. This entails the industrialization of Britain with respect to United States Corps. With time, Britain became more industrialized at a higher rate than America. As such, the feelings of contempt on the Indians were sourced from this fact. This was rather vain of the British populace. Also of prime importance to note, is that the British power structure propagated the notion of being of a superior race with respect to all other races. As such, equality was essentially unheard of and therefore could not be entertained. Though there had been a few Britons calling for equality, a majority of them adopted a rather low regard for the Indian population. With the advance of education, a larger population of the native Indians started to become more and more educated. As a consequence of this trend, feelings of

Since over 50% of foetuses survive when born at 24 weeks, the current Dissertation

Since over 50% of foetuses survive when born at 24 weeks, the current law on abortion should be amended to reflect this - Dissertation Example a common law country itself has adopted in most of the states. When other EU countries have only 12 weeks and less, U.K. also can also follow suit. The Abortion Act 1967 is the oldest Abortion law in the world now and therefore needs to be amended for less than 24 weeks. Table of contents Chapter No Particulars †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page no Abstract 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.2 Problem statement 6 1.3 Aim 6 1.4 Objectives 6 1.5 Dissertation structure and Methodology 6 1.6 Conclusion 7 Chapter 2 Literature review 7 2.1 Defense of necessity 7 2.2 Rights of unborn child 10 2.3 Ethics of abortion 12 2.4 General law applicable to abortion 13 2.5 Prolife movement 15 2.6 Prochoice movement 15 2.7 U.S. law for 20 weeks or lesser 16 2.8 British M.P. Nadine Dorries’ 20 reasons for 20 weeks 17 2.9 24 reasons for 24 weeks by Laurie Penny 17 2.10 Conclusion 16 Chapter 4 Data Findings, discussion and conclusion 19 Bibliography 22 Chapter 1 Introduction The big question is whether abortion is â€Å"killing of foetus or removal of a piece of tissue from a woman’s body?† It is argued that Abortion Act 1967 is medicalisation of deviance. According to Friedson, power accorded to doctors to have control over abortion has led to problematic segments of social behaviour. Thus, the judge decides what legality is and who is guilty, the priest, what is holy and who is profane and the doctors, what is normal and who is sick. In order to overcome the problematic area of abortion, medical profession have managed to influence the decision on when abortion is criminal and when it is therapeutic. The influence by the medical men has been on two levels. one, the political level where they supported legislatio n on abortion from 1803 to 1861 that helped establishment of medical profession’s status and in 1967 in furtherance of professional interests with the passing of Abortions Act 1967. The second level is the practical level in which the medical man exerts his extensive autonomy to decide on an abortion if it could be therapeutic 1 Section 58 of the Offenses Against the Person Act 1861 provides â€Å"every woman being with child, who, with intent to procure her miscarriage, shall unlawfully administer to herself any poison or noxious thing or shall unlawfully use any instrument or other means whatsoever with the like intent, and whosoever, with intent to procure miscarriage of any woman, whether she be or not with child, shall unlawfully administer to her or cause to be taken by her any poison or other noxious thing, or shall unlawfully use any instrument or other means whatsoever with the like intent , shall be guilty of felony and being convicted thereof shall be liable at th e discretion of the court or kept in penal servitude for life or for any term not less than three years or to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding three years with or without hard labour and with or without solitary confinement†2 Though it may appear from what has been stated above that abortion in the U.K. is technically under the control of medical profession, liberal approach is the norm in that it is now â€Å"abortion on demand† given the fact that U.K. is the highest among European countries with reported cases of abortion 90 percent of which is conducted in the first trimester (12 weeks). The U.K. law has been more permissive than other countries

Economic Collapse of 2008 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Collapse of 2008 - Research Paper Example When events like this occur, we automatically look back at the control systems that are supposed to alert us and in fact prevent such a fiasco from assuming alarming proportions. In this case, obviously something went wrong somewhere or the signs were ignored. This paper will look at the main factors that led to the collapse, the consequences of the collapse, who should be held accountable for it, where we stand today and how it has impacted on our hopes for the future. Main Factors Which Led to the Collapse It all started with an excess of lending in the sub–prime mortgage sector of the USA. The economy was going well and life was good. It seemed that the good times were here to last and there was no letting up. And then it finally happened. Bankers who had previously considered even people with a bad credit history as good enough for taking a loan now began to cut back on lending in the interests of risk control and compliance. As the economy shrunk and credit dried up, bank ers began to call on the sub-prime mortgages and the consumers were left with nowhere to turn to. Imagine their predicament as interest rates rose up and they had to let go of their precious mortgages. It was havoc and pandemonium in the housing sector. As the crisis deepened, even the banks that had not provided adequately for bad debts in the real estate sector were affected. Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers in the USA and Morgan Stanley in the UK were institutions that were brought down by the crisis; others have had to sell off, divest and re-organize themselves. For institutions like international banks, who have diversified their investment portfolios across the world in different continents to spread risk, it was inevitable that their holdings were impacted in some way or the other. AIG and Citibank in the USA, Deutsche Bank in Europe, Citigroup in the USA and Standard Chartered in the UK were all offered stimulus packages that have helped them recover rather than join the r anks of the bankrupt companies. To date in excess of 400 small and large banks have had to bite the dust. One contributing factor it seems that too much power had been given to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in relation to credit and control over the housing and real estate sector in the USA. The burgeoning housing sector has been hard to control. With their disbanding, and control in the hands of another regulatory agency, things are expected to become better. Another factor that has us bogged down is our insistence on continuing the War on Terror, a war we cannot win so easily. After nine years of fighting in Afghanistan and five in Iraq, we have little to show for it. We are spending millions of dollars per day and the average US citizen is being mired in debt without his consent. The 9/11 attacks were a blessing in disguise to the faltering Bush Administration who wasted no time passing the Patriot Act, creating Homeland Security and terrorizing citizens with different alert levels, racial profiling and enhanced security checks at airports. Bush had famously announced the names of countries he regarded as the Axis of Evil nations in a speech. He vetoed many of the expenses on the War on Terror, over the combined judgment of Congress representatives. The result is trillions of dollars in debt which we cannot possibly correct in our lifetimes. Many have criticized the

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Compare and contrast - Essay Example The core focus should be getting others to comprehend one’s ideas, feelings, and thoughts through the use of clear, simple, and precise words. Discussion Lederer love for English is demonstrated his praise for the marvelous richness. In the Case for Short Words, Lederer praises small words as he asserts that the quality of any writing is not gauged on the number of long words that writers use. Lederer asserts that well-chosen monosyllabic words can be equally effective since they are functional and carry a powerful punch. Lederer argues that when people speak and write, there is no rule that stipulates that people have to utilize big words (Rosa and Eschholz 161). Lederer holds that small words illuminate on significant things; indeed, complex words at certain times appear strange to the eye and ear, as well as in the mind. Lederer uses figurative language in highlighting that short words are sharp like a blade to a knife. Studies have demonstrated that twenty words account fo r close to 25% of all spoken English words, and all twenty are monosyllable. Lederers cites studies, which have demonstrated that the fifty most common words within written English are each comprised of a single syllable. Lederer notes that Orators and poets have appreciated the power of small words to make a straight point between two minds, which is demonstrated by the power carried by proverbs. In the essay on simplicity, Zinsser exposes what he cites as writers number one challenge-clutter. Zinsser views Americans as â€Å"strangling with unnecessary words, pompous frills, meaningless jargon, and circular constructions (Rosa and Eschholz 177). Zinsser observes that Americans has a tendency to inflate and hence sound necessary, to the extent that when a sentence appears too simple, some people thinks there is something wrong with the sentence. Zinsser’s solution to this problem lies in writers knowing what they want to express and to think clearly as they start with their composition. Zinsser asserts that the writer’s self-discipline and hard work are critical components to attaining concise, simple prose. Clear thinking translates to clear writing and no one can exist devoid of the other (Rosa and Eschholz 178). Zinsser cited studies, which have revealed that the reader is an elusive creature whose attention span only lasts about 30 seconds. Hence, the multiple forces competing for the reader’s attention may make it difficult for the reader to keep pace with the train of thought (Behrens 59). Hence, writers must at all times ask, what they are trying to express and evaluate the wiring to gauge whether they have said it. Lederer demonstrates this assertion in the example of few paragraphs written in short words. Lederer also utilizes figurative language to deliver his point by outlining a list of words to use and nor to use. Lederer further reinforces his ideas through the use of famous authors’ texts (Rosa and Eschholz 162). Le derer utilizes two diverse skill levels of writers to demonstrate why it is alright to utilize short words. In his conclusion, Lederer speaks directly to the reader to inform them that if short words can be utilized by famous writers, then readers can as well use short words. Zinsser asserts

U.S. Totalization Agreement With Mexico Essay Example for Free

U.S. Totalization Agreement With Mexico Essay The focal point of this paper is to analyze the Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico. It should be noted that the aspects of this analysis is not fundamentally policy analysis but it intended towards presenting arguments from the point of view of analytical framework. In this paper there would not be any bias or opinion presented rather a comparison would be presented in terms of arguments for and against the issue. It should be stated that in the context of globalization the Totalization Agreement is a very important aspect for the US. Totalization Agreement has the tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets. Globalization better said is the shift in the direction of a more incorporated and interdependent World economy. Globalization has had the effect of markedly increasing not only international trade, but also cultural exchange. some intellectual define globalization as convergence of prototypes of manufacture and expenditure and a consequential homogenization of customs, while others strain that globalization has the prospective to take countless miscellaneous appearances. In economics, a wide description is that globalization is the union of prices, wages, products, profits and rates of interest in synchronization with developed nation norms. Globalization of the financial system depends on the position of international business, human migration, incorporation of pecuniary markets, and mobility of capital. The International Monetary Fund observes the increasing financial interdependence of countries all over the world through rising quantity and multiplicity of cross-border dealings, gratis international capital flow, and comparatively faster and extensive dissemination of technology. In contemporary economic scenario the prevailing trend is expansion in the global market. Global market expansion is nothing but a concept of serving customers beyond the limits of domestic market and in economic scenario considered a key growth strategy. Global market expansion is a business reality that every company encounters at some point in its evolution. Under such circumstances every business venture must balance risk with rewards, the risks when expanding internationally can be less predictable and in the same way the rewards can be more elusive. The companies, which are looking for sustainable ways to grow and diversify their revenue streams, consider global expansion as a strategic option. There are several factors behind the trend toward expansion in the global market. Companies require a global presence. For both offensive and defensive causes, companies cannot overlook opportunities outside their home markets. A company’s requirement for a global presence arises from two factors, their capability of leveraging domestic relationships outside their country and a requirement from domestic customers to support the company’s products internationally. A global expansion allows companies to replicate successful domestic strategies in international markets, potentially in markets with lower competitive intensity. Additionally Global market expansion provide the companies large untapped markets, advantages of low labor costs, savings of shipping costs, speed and efficiency of delivery system, etc. These factors make the Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico more important. (Fletcher, 2006) The Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico could be better understood in the light of the history behind it. For more than thirty years US has been establishing agreements relating to social agreement internationally keeping in mind that these agreements should coordinate with the program by the Social Security of the US. These agreements based on the aspects of programs related to Social Security of the US are cumulatively pronounced as totalization agreements. Under these agreements there are certain advantages. However, from the point of view of the US these advantages can broadly be divided into two parts. The first objective is to eradicate double taxation for workers employed in foreign nations. Without the agreement an individual would have to pay two times as tax on the earnings. The current report suggests that the benefit of Totalization Agreement between the US and other countries has help US workers working abroad at lot. The cumulative savings are estimated at $800 million per year. The second objective of Totalization Agreement between the US and other countries is to provide an individual who is part timer as a worker in either in the US or the foreign country the proportional tax benefit that is so important for the worker. In this context the agreement between US and Mexico becomes very important in the context of financial benefits. It has been estimated that once the agreement of Totalization is signed between the US and Mexico the workers from the United States in Mexico would be able to save about an estimated $140 million. These savings would be made in the parameters of Mexican taxes relating to health insurance and social security measures. However, it should be mentioned that this estimation is calculated on the basis of a 5 year term of computation. Again, in the perspective of humane benefit it would immensely help the workers who have been working in Mexico for a shorter period of time in both US and Mexico as because this agreement would help them to receive the benefits. (King, 2006) It could well be stated that Mexico is a prominent partner of the US in terms of trading. In fact it is the second largest after Canada. This way it becomes important for the US to indulge in Totalization Agreement with Mexico. As it is Mexico is already under the Totalization Agreement with Canada making it mutually beneficial for both countries. The advantages and disadvantages of Totalization Agreement with Mexico have been heavily scrutinized and debated in recent years. Proponents of Totalization Agreement with Mexico say that it helps developing economies catch up to highly developed industrialized economies much faster through increased employment and technological advances. Critics of Totalization Agreement argue that it weakens national sovereignty and allows rich nations to ship domestic jobs overseas where labor is much cheaper. The main advantages of Totalization Agreement are as such, increased free trade between the two nations, increased liquidity of capital allowing investors in developed nations to invest in developing nations, conglomerates are having greater flexibility to operate across borders, global mass media binding the world together, increased flow of communications allowing vital information to be shared between individuals and conglomerates through out the globe, greater facility and speed of transportation for goods and people, reduction of cultural barriers increases the global village effect, spread of democratic ideals to developed nations, greater interdependence of nation-states, reduction of likelihood of war between developed nations , increases in environmental protection in developed nations. Along with the advantages there are also several disadvantages of Totalization Agreement, such as increased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations as companies look for the cheapest labor, increased probability of economic disturbances in one nation effecting all nations, business influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organizations and average individuals, apprehension that control of world media by a handful of conglomerates will limit cultural expression, greater possibility of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to conserve cultural heritage, greater danger of diseases being transported inadvertently between nations, spread of a materialistic lifestyle and outlooks that sees consumption as the path to affluence, international bodies like the World Trade Organization interfere with national and individual sovereignty, increase in the probabilities of civil war within developing countries and open war betw een developing countries as they compete for resources, decrease in environmental integrity as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countries like Mexico. It could well be stated that in this competition organizations are gradually loosing their ethnic values and morals. Today competence of an individual or a corporate is judged by his or her ability to cope up with constant fundamental changes in the organizational structure. All over the world, organizations aligning new products engineering teams around ‘pit crew’ model. Cross functional teams to design, manufacturing sales and service engineer’s work along with the workers, who at some point of time have stake in the product. This ensures manufacturing and sales people having their say all through the design process and building up the manufacturing capability early on that is currant engineering. The goals are simple, such as speed, equality and competitive price. Commodities have become international for most industries and the impact of engineering is significant. In many organizations, the learning curve in engineering has become an unaffordable luxury. Competitive pressures mandate finding ways to reduce the total time required to introduce new products in the market. Competition along with more complex production and distribution environments requires identifying and reducing necessary costs, such as costs associated with development, manufacturing, distribution and service. However, it can be stated that totalization agreement would have a distinct effect on the Trust Funds but it would be a long termed and virtually negligible effect. It has been estimated that the social security of US bears a cost of about $100 million yearly. This has been the trend for the last 5 years. Thus the totalization agreement would enable the workers of both the US and Mexico to enjoy the advantage of cost benefit as the dual taxation would be eradicated. It should be mentioned in this perspective that the cost benefit of US during the year 2002 was around $198 million with Canada alone under the parameters of the totalization agreement. (Lamb, 2004) Thus in the conclusion it could be stated that there are both advantages and disadvantages in coming into a condition of totalization agreement with Mexico. However, when an international agreement is signed there are multiple aspects to be looked after and these are done keeping in mind the mutual benefits of the nations. References: Fletcher, R; (2006); Beliefs and Knowledge: Believing and Knowing; Howard Price King, H; (2006); Social Security Today; HBT Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust.

Economic Development Programs Essay Example for Free

Economic Development Programs Essay Within my community, there are several development programs which have been established for the purposes of making the community more directly participative in economic development. Such programs include agricultural development programs, business development programs as well as higher education economic development programs. These programs will be addressed in this paper, with specific attention to the key actors/players in the programs, the short and long term goals of these programs, and also the political and economic issues they face in the process of promoting economic development in the region. Agricultural finance programs To begin with, there are special loan programs for new ranchers and farmers in this region, the most infamous one being the Aggie Bond Beginning Farmer Loan Programs. Through Aggie Board Loan Programs, the state helps the newly established farmers in the region to obtain loans for purchasing land and equipments, for breeding farm animals and for the construction of farm buildings (NCOSAFP, 2010). The main players/actors in Aggie Bond Program include the lending institutions (which are in collaboration with the state administration), state administration itself—playing the role of assisting beginner farmers and ranchers to obtain low rate interest loans which are exempt from federal income tax—and the ranchers/farmers who participate in the program. The federal government is also indirectly involved in these programs since it is the one that facilitates the provision of tax exemption on the interest income. Besides obtaining loans at reduced interest rates, the financial risks on loans solely rest with the lending institutions which have established for these purposes (NCOSAFP, 2010). The short term goals of Aggie Bond Programs are to act as the capital base for individuals or partnerships within the state who desire to engage in ranching, farming or both, but lack adequate financial resources to do so (NCOSAFP, 2010). In so doing, they provide all the necessary financial resources to individuals and transfer the credit decisions to the lending institutions. On the other hand, the long term goal of Aggie Board Programs is to facilitate economic growth and development within the state and the nation at large, through optimum utilization of the agricultural resources within the state and taking advantage of the tax-exempt provisions by the federal government. The program also aims at encouraging the spirit of entrepreneurship within the state through assisting potential entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector to unleash their potential (NCOSAFP, 2010). The key economic problem that the actors in these programs face is mostly the failure of the farmers to repay loans granted due to unproductive farm activities or catastrophes which damage the farming/ ranching establishmentespecially nature catastrophes (NCOSAFP, 2010). This becomes a setback all the players involved because the farmers undergoes serious financial losses, the lender incurs bad debts, the state and the federal government loses the potential economic contribution from the entrepreneur. Political issues on the other hand arise from the Aggie bond allocations and apportionments among the lending bodies. For instance, after a serious debate on the farm bill, the maximum bond allocation was increased from $469 200 in 2009 to 470,100 this year and the actors have been involved in political discussions regarding the meager increments and how it would be equally apportioned to the lending institutions (NCOSAFP, 2010). Business financing programs The other type of economic development programs are the business financing development programs. These programs are so closely related to the Aggie Bond Programs in that they offer loans for many kinds of business businessmen in the state. However, there is a slight different from the one discussed above because this program finances both established as well as new business-people in the industry. For the new entrants, capital is provided while for the already existing business people, the required funds for activities such as expansion and boosting for those experiencing serious financial traps is availed (OK Commerce, 2010). The actors in these programs are established lending institutions and the business community. They include; Economic Development Administration, the Bureau Of Indian Affairs Loan Guaranty Fund, The Industrial Finance Authority, Capital Access Program, and the Linked Deposit Loan Programs. The short term goals of these programs is to provide short term business financing to the business community to solve short term cash problems, while the long term goals are to offer long term low interest loans to major business persons/ institutions to solve serious and long range financial issues (OK Commerce, 2010). Mostly, these programs do not face much political issues as compared to the economic issues which are tied to the unsecured loans and competition. While the unsecured loans may sometimes compel the lending institution to file cases in the legal system against errant and faulting business people, the competition from other existing lending institutions makes them too congested in the estate (OK Commerce, 2010). Higher education programs The state also has a Higher Education Economic Development Program. This program is designed in such way as to generate partnerships between businesses and higher education institutions within the state in order to nurture higher learning via State Regents’ Economic Development Grants. Nominations are made from the institutions and assessed by State Regents’ staff committee. Submissions are made just once for every partnership, and a limit of twenty five recognitions can be made annually (OK Highered, 2010). The actors in this program are basically partnering institutions, which usually pay $500 coordinated by the state regents. The money provided is used for internships for students of institutions to work in the enterprises of partnering business, faculty externships with partnering businesses, tuition waivers to partnering businesses’ staff members, and development of partnerships with supplementary equipment, supplies and materials (OK Highered, 2010). The short term and long term a goal of this program is the same: to facilitate economic development through partnering for the purposes of higher education. In so doing, the partnering members are able to assist each other in catering for the expenses of higher education to ensure that none is left out. In addition, they promote economic growth growth of the member businesses through materials and other kinds of supplies using the funds contributed by each partner (OK Highered, 2010). Just like the other economic development programs mentioned above, this program also faces a number of political and economical problems in its endeavors to accomplish goals and objectives. On the economic part, the program currently has a capacity of twenty two member universities and sometimes, the resources available from the partnership funds cannot meet all the needs of the partners: consequently, the process of assisting members cater for higher education needs has to take longer than the members desire (OK Highered, 2010). This basically, has the result of slowing down the accomplishment of goals and also sometimes results to withdraw of some impatient partners. In addition, the members have too much higher education needs such that the partnership has only to cater for a small percentage of the required amounts. In so doing, the economic goals are partially and not wholly accomplished. Politically, the program is not affected by external politics, but rather by internal politics among the members which mostly results from conflicting interests amongst the members and also in the selection of the leaders who will foresee the management of operations and finances (OK Highered, 2010). However, such issues have been solved successfully within the environs of the partnership. References NCOSAFP (2010). Types of state agricultural finance programs. Retrieved from http://www. stateagfinance. org/types. html OK Commerce (2010). Business financing programs. Retrieved from http://www. okcommerce. gov/Start-A-Business/Financing-Programs/ OK Highered (2010). Economic development grant for the partnership development program. Retrieved from http://www. okhighered. org/econ-dev/partner-recog. shtml

Freedom is an illusion

Freedom is an illusion Brief 106213 ‘Freedom is an illusion.’ Discuss. Roger Scruton once remarked that there are ‘two sources of the metaphysical conundrum of human existence: one is consciousness, the other one is freedom.’ (Scruton: 227). Philosophers have long been perplexed by questions of freedom and necessity in human life. This essay will focus on Enlightenment philosophy which has given a formidable response to those who maintained that freedom in the social domain is a chimera. Amongst Enlightenment philosophers Immanuel Kant has probably formulated the most consistent and compelling argument for the existence of human freedom and it is his notion of the intricate connection between liberty and autonomy that will receive most attention in this essay. Philosophers have often approached the issue of human freedom from two different angles. First, they often conceptualised freedom under the rubrics of the absence or presence of constraints in the social sphere. Political philosophers have mainly engaged in this version of theorising freedom. The question they asked is most poignantly captured by Rousseau who notes that the real mystery of freedom is how we can be in chains and still regard ourselves as free (Rousseau: 181). While Thomas Hobbes considered freedom a matter of external impediments to an intended action, Rousseau extended this notion of impediment by querying whether social practices and laws should consequently be perceived as constraints and how we could possibly justify the existence of such laws and rules. Rousseau accepted that rules may facilitate the varied co-operative schemes amongst strangers. Yet, he argued any laws of society clearly required some justification, one that was rooted not in tradition but in reason. He writes: ‘the problem is to find a form of association†¦ in which each [individual], while uniting himself with all, may still obey himself alone, and remain as free as before.’ (Rousseau: 191) The second, and arguably more philosophical perspective which philosophers formulated however takes a more fundamental view of human life. It does not concentrate on the various external constraints which may act as obstacles in our multifarious pursuits of life, but whether we have the capacity to act freely at all. David Hume framed this viewpoint when he explored the relationship between reason, passion and action in his work A Treatise of Human Nature. In an insightful passage he notes that reason may be instrumental in identifying the connections between causes and effects, but must inevitably fail to contribute to the objects of our will. He thereby sets the tone of the argument which Immanuel Kant took up only decades later with such analytic precision. Hume notes: ‘Nothing can oppose or retard the impulse of passion, but a contrary impulse†¦We speak not strictly and philosophically when we talk of the combat of passion and of reason. Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.’ (Hume: 415) And in a famous sentence, Hume draws the radical conclusion: ‘Tis not contrary to reason to prefer the destruction of the whole world to the scratching of my finger.’ (Hume: 416) But if Hume’s radical scepticism as to the influence of reason on individual volition was correct, are we condemned to go wherever our passions and impulses take us? Kant was at pains to point out that human life possesses an ethical quality which cannot be grounded in the manifold desires and urges that individuals happen to find themselves in. Any viable notion of moral conduct must presuppose a capacity to reason and, critically, assumes a notion of freedom that we cannot deny anybody else. Freedom is a prerequisite of ethical behaviour. Kant thought that Hume had overlooked an essential dimension of the relationship between passions and human action. Although he granted that desires and impulses that are contingent upon circumstances may generate the goals of human conduct whether or not we pursue a once identified object of desire or a certain course of action crucially depends on its compatibility with the most fundamental moral law, the categorical imperative, which is ‘†¦ the principle to act on no other maxim than that which can also have as an object itself as a universal law.’ (Kant: 63) This leads Kant to conclude that freedom is the most fundamental category of social existence for those that are capable of rationality. As Scruton notes, for Kant ‘freedom is the presupposition for the applicability of the moral law’ (Scruton: 234). However, if this was all there is to Kant’s argument he would only have presented us with another reason why we ought to assume that individuals act freely when they behave morally. First of all, Kant reminds us that as humans we are at once part of the world of nature and of the world of reason. As to our impulses and desires that we happen to have, we are part of the animal world. We understand them in terms of necessity, generated by physical circumstances. No moral standards apply. It matters little whether we approve of being hungry or sleepy; ethical maxims cannot alter our state of affairs in any remarkable way. As such, human beings are subject to the natural laws that govern the domain of nature. We cannot suspend these laws even if we disapprove of them. On the other hand, however, man is a creature that is capable of rational thought and as such he has given himself laws to live by. These laws are often arbitrary, but Kant intends to show that there is at least one law that regulates human life which possesses universal applicability. The issue Kant has to confront is one that echoes Rousseau’s dilemma of how to reconcile laws and freedom. For Kant, his question is under which conditions individual agency can impose norms and rules onto itself while still remaining to be unfettered by extraneous circumstances. For Rousseau it was the question of identifying those laws of society that would accommodate individual (external) freedom with legal constraints. Kant challenges us first of all to consider under which conditions we can speak of a free will. He argues that human volition must be self-determined to be plausibly considered as free. If the will is subject to extraneous circumstances or influences if ceases to express itself freely in our actions. In this scheme of things, freedom can only be preserved if the moral laws that individuals endorse and accept as their guidance are such that they can accept them voluntarily (Kant: 57-58). Kant notes that man may come to approve of various rules of social co-operation for a variety of reasons, some of them ethically more obscure than others. What may appear to be actions done out of benevolence may turn out to be done with a personal benefit in mind. Kant is adamant that we cannot accept any rules for spurious or ethically nebulous reasons. Accepting a maxim out of selfishness does not produce a good, but a morally flawed norm. Equally, adopting a morally hazy rule even with best intentions cannot lay the foundations of a just society. In a brilliant analytical sequence Kant guides us to the solution of this problem: The only truly good entity, he argues, is a good will (Kant: 14-15). It is only determined by itself and so accepts no other authority than itself. In fact, it produces true authenticity of human conduct. Now, any inherently good will must recognise that there is only one maxim that reflects accurately the notion of an ethical norm; Kant writes: ‘Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law.’ (Kant: 38) Kant’s argument provides us with a formidable justification for assuming that freedom is the necessary and indispensable condition of human existence given that man has the capacity to act upon the commands of reason: that is the categorical imperative. He writes: ‘Now I affirm that we must attribute to every rational being which has a will that it has also the idea of freedom and acts entirely under this idea. †¦ (The individual) must regard itself as the author of its principles independent on foreign influences. Consequently, [any individual] must regard itself as free.’ (Kant: 65) For Kant, being human is tantamount to being free. Only freedom guarantees that we can plausibly speak about moral responsibility. And although Kant’s argument in favour of the categorical imperative has attracted much criticism, his idea of freedom and individual autonomy still offers us a remarkable benchmark in normative ethical theory. David Hume (1989). A Treatise of Human Nature. [1739]. Edited by L.A. Selby-Bigge. Oxford: Clarendon. Immanuel Kant (1949). Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. [1785]. Indianapolis New York: Liberal Arts Press. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1973). The Social Contract and Discourses. [1762] Translated and introduced by G.D.H. Cole. London: Everyman. Roger Scruton (1997). Modern Philosophy. A Survey. London: Arrow.

Miltons Mosaic Law and Law of Grace Comparison :: Milton Religion Religious Law Moses Essays

Milton's Mosaic Law and Law of Grace Comparison Certainly anyone who has been involved with Sunday school at church, has taken a religion class, or has any knowledge of the Christian religion has heard of Moses, the man who carried a big stick, parted the Red Sea and led the Israelites out of slavery into the â€Å"Promised Land.† However, there is more to Moses’ story than a forty-year excursion through the desert. Besides his role in freeing his people, Moses also served as a vessel for the Word of God. The events that this man was so instrumental in have been referenced throughout history, and the Law of Moses provides the basis of John Milton’s discussion of divorce in his 1644 treatise Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce. In his exposition, Milton compares the approaches on divorce put forth by the Mosaic Law and that proclaimed by the Law of Grace, and uses them to support his own beliefs on the issue. As Milton argues his case for divorce, it becomes clear that he manipulates Scripture to support his points. To understand how Milton’s use of Mosaic Law, it is crucial to understand what it is. After Moses led the Hebrews through the desert, he was enlisted by God to act as a mediator between the Him and His people. Moses received the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai and received from God â€Å"multifarious enactments, by the observance of which Israel [was] to be moulded into a theocratic nation,† thus the installment of Mosaic Legislation on the Israelites. (Moses) Starting with the Ten Commandments, the Law of Moses is â€Å"the laws that God gave to the Israelites through Moses; it includes many rules of religious observances given in the first five books of the Old Testament.† (Mosaic Law) Among the guidelines set forth by God through Moses were guidelines regarding diet (Leviticus 11:3), the consecration of priests (Exodus 29:5-9) and marriage (Exodus 22:16). While the Hebrews were expected to abide by the laws laid out in the Old Testament by Moses, the coming and crucifixion of Jesus negated many of these laws, as the Law of Grace took precedence over everything prior. In his Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, Milton uses scripture from both the Old and New Testaments and argues that the Law of Moses was more lenient than that of Grace, and therefore makes more sense.

heroarms The Code Hero in A Farewell to Arms Essay -- Farewell Arms

The Hemingway Code Hero in A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway is a renowned American author of the Twentieth century who centers his novels around personal experiences and affections. He is one of the authors named "The Lost Generation." He could not cope with post-war America, and therefore he introduced a new type of character in writing called the "code hero". Hemingway is known to focus his novels around code heroes who struggle with the mixture of their tragic faults and the surrounding environment. Traits of a typical Hemingway Code Hero are a love of good times, stimulating surroundings, and strict moral rules, including honesty. The Code Hero always exhibits some form of a physical wound that serves as his tragic flaw and the weakness of his character. In this novel A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, Hemingway brings about the evolution of Frederick Henry into a code hero in realistic ways. Frederick Henry achieved code hero characteristics by the end of the novel with the help of Catherine. All the characteristics seem to follow the path of a manly person who is continuously striving to live his/her life to the fullest. Throughout this novel, Frederick Henry’s behavior matures into the code hero who Hemingway desires to be through Henry’s discovery of love, bravery and death. In the start of the novel, Frederick Henry was into over-sensual pleasures and could not control himself until he had spent much time with Catherine and learned how to discipline himself. Henry "had drunk much wine" and roamed from whorehouse to whorehouse near the beginning of the novel. He had no control over himself nor could hold his liquor or contain himself from e... ...ny on the way back to his home but he declines. He goes off to his house by himself and sorts things out with what death actually is. He asked God to save his greatest love after taking his child and does not receive an answer. He concludes that death is the end and when it gets you, there is no where to go. Henry never becomes a code hero until the end when he accepts death as the end of existence. Hemingway’s code hero, Frederick Henry, evolves into a man whom the reader could identify with and understand. Henry unknowingly becomes a code hero and a better person with the help of Catherine. Henry becomes a code hero in the end due to the help of many incidents. On the last few pages, the reader realizes he has become a code hero because he responded to the serious situation on his hands calmly and orderly as Catherine did.

Cultural Differences in The Regions of Japan Essay -- Geography Cultur

Cultural Differences in The Regions of Japan Japan is a country made from four major islands. Though its area is small, each region has different tastes. The country has the population of 123.6 millions according to the 1990 census, or 2.5 % of the world total, and it is the seventh most populated nation according to The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Japan.(5, p.25). Japanese political and economical world power has been one of the success stories of the twentieth century. Though small in geographic area, its popularity is the seventh greatest; its inhabitants crowd themselves into an area the size of the state of Montana or California in the United States. Its natural resources are almost non-existent; however, today it ranks only second after the much larger United States as the most affluent and economically productive nation in the world. Japan was traditionally more self-sustained and semi-isolated in its islands, and it pursued its own historic path on the periphery of a great Chinese civilisation. The Japanese borrowed some cultural ideas from China. (4,p.1-2). Although the population is largely homogeneous, there is considerable regional diversity. This diversity is reflected in life-styles, dialects and speech differing patterns of historic and economical development. The four largest islands are Hokkaido(2), Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Honshu, the largest island, is usually divided into five regions; Tohoku (3), Kanto (4),Chubu (5), Kinki(6), and Chugoku (7). According to Cultural Atlas of Japan, Hokkaido is Japan’s northern frontier.(1,p.23 ). Dominated by the daisetsu mountain range and national park, Hokkaido is an island of forests, rivers, sheer cliffs and rolling pastures. It's located at roughly... ...beautiful species of flora and fauna.(8). Bibliography 1. Cultural Atlas of Japan. 1988, pages 12-32. ` 2. "Hokkaido Map" 1994. http://www.jnto.go.jp/02map/hokkaido.html (2-24-1998). 3. "Tohoku Map" 1994. http://www.jnto.go.jp/02map/tohoku.html (2-24-1998). 4. "Kanto Map" 1994. http://www.jnto.go.jp/02map/kanto.html (2-24-1998). 5. "Chubu & Hokuriku Map" 1994. http://www.jnto.go.jp/02map/chubuhokuriku.html (2-24-1998) 6 "Kansai Map" 1994. http://www.jnto.go.jp/02map/kansai.html (2-24-1998) 7. "Chugoku & Shikoku Map" 1994. http://www.jnto.go.jp/02map/chugokushikoku.html (2-24-1998) 8. "Kyushu & Okinawa Map" 1994. http://www.jnto.go.jp/02map/kyushuokinawa.html (2-24-1998) 9. Japan A Concise History. Milton W. Meyer, 1993, pages 1-14, 245. 10. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Japan. University of Cambridge, 1993, pages 25-43.

Psychology Learning Essay

A desirable behavior that I would like strengthen a lot would be my studying and homework habits. I would like to study or do homework for a designated hour every night. When I come home from work, I want to grab my books and go straight to the library for at least an hour. I selected this behavior because I believe that I need to dedicate more time to my school work. I have always waited until the last minute to study and do homework; therefore, having a set time of day every day to do my work will help me keep track of everything going on. The learning principle I am going to implement to make myself study every day at the same hour is the Premack Principle. A daily routine I have with my suitemate is before we go to bed we watch a movie. So I used this as my reinforcement. I will not watch that movie until I have dedicated at least an hour to school work and studying. I trained myself to study first then as a reward I was able to watch the movie with my suitemate. I did this ritual every night for the past week. It is not yet set it stone but I still continue to do this ritual daily. I hope that soon it will be habit and I will not have to continue to reward myself with a movie. The first couple of days it was extremely hard to remember to study after work. Other times it was hard for me to have the energy to continue to study for the whole hour. After a while everything became easier. In my personal opinion I think that the Premack Principle worked well for me. It has helped me discipline myself in a very helpful way. Because I have decided to partake in this principle, I have seen a result of better grades and more relaxation as test time approaches. The Premack Principle is a wonderful approach to anyone seeking success while embarking on their college experience. This reinforcement principle is a great form of a â€Å"healthy† form of punishment, and it proves to be very rewarding in the end.

Biography of Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela was a real influential man in the confederation African society. Through bulge his deportment he had his ups and d causes. He went from being in tuck in for life, to being the president of reciprocal ohm Africa. In his life he had one ambition and goal, which he never gave up on, dismantle when he was faced with extreme hard knocks. Rolihlahla Mandela was natural on July 18, 1918 in a sm tout ensemble town near Mthatha in the Transkei, cal take Mvezo, to Nonqaphi Nosekeni and Henry Mgadla Mandela.When his start out died in 1927, Rolihlahla became the ward of Jogintaba Dalindyebo, the Paramount Chief, to be make to assume high office. Rolihlahla envisage of playing his own part in the opendom struggle oh his peck from auditory modality the elders stories of his ancestors valour during the wars of resistance. in short he was discharge to school to get an education at a local mission school, and before long he was given the name Nelson. soon he was sent through more schools through the familys and enrolled at the University College of arm H atomic number 18, and there he got his Bachelor of liberal arts Degree.At the abolish of Nelsons basic year at college, he started to fuck off involved in a Students deputy Council boycott against the universitys policies, and soon he was told to leave Fort Hare and to non come impale unless he reliable election to the SRC. Nelson Mandela grew up in a system of Apartheid. The whites were treated as the silk hat race of all. Also the white are the ones who led the presidency. In southwestern Africa, whites were considered a minority. Throughout Nelsons life, the black people were treated worse than everyone else.Growing up Nelson Mandela could only go to schools for the blacks. Apartheid was developed by and by World War II by the Afrikaner-dominated field Party. The racial assemblages were classified into four, Native, Asian, coloured, and white, and residential touchs were segre gated, some cadences by means of force. The political sympathies segregated, medical care, beaches, education, and separate public services, and the administration gave the blacks worse services and the whites better services. Nelson fagged his whole life trying to convince this racial segregation.Nelson was in a group of 60 people called the African National relative. He was a leader with William Nkomo, Sisulu, O hold waterr R Tambo, Ashby P Mda. The group roundabout themselves to the labour of creating this group into a mass movement. Soon they formed the African National Congress Youth League. Nelson impressed everyone with his hard tame and was elected as the leagues National secretary. The group soon set out to try to change how the government was working and the laws of apartheid it was putting on the people. The African National Congress launched a extend for the Defiance of Unjust Laws.Nelson was elected Volunteer-in-Chief, and traveled the country organizing resi stance to discriminatory legislation. This stir was determined as defiance and Nelson and 19 others were brought to discharge. Nelson was charged of contravening the Suppression of Communism answer and given a suspended prison house objurgate. Soon after the end of the campaign, Nelson was likewise not allowed to attend gathering and had to bind in Johannesburg for six months. Nelson still led resistance movements, against the government. During all of the 50s, Mandela was victim of umpteen forms of repression.He was arrested, imprisoned, and banner. On March 1956 a five year banning order was enforced against him. During the whole of the 50s, Mr Mandela was the victim of different forms of repression. He was criminalize, arrested and imprisoned. A five year banning order was enforced against him in March 1956. The government was paying a lot of attention to Nelson and had to move from place to place to not be find by the all of the informants that the government had and all the police spies. To evade detection Nelson had to baffle a number of disguises ranging from a laborer, to a chauffer.Nelson soon spent some time abroad for several months. When he returned to southernmost Africa, he was charged with illegal acquittance of the country, and incitement to strike. Nelson decided to be his own defense in his campaign. One subject he said in the trial was, I detest racialism, because I strike it as a barbaric thing, whether it comes from a black man or a white man. He lost his trial and was sentenced to five years in prison. When Nelson was brought back to Pretoria in July 1963 he encountered doubting Thomas Mashifane. He wherefore knew that their hide out had been discovered by the authorities.Nelson and ten other were then charged with sabotage. The trial in court for them lasted for 8 months. At the end of Nelsons statement he said, I take fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have treasured the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons choke together in harmony and with fitting opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. All scarce to of the accused people were sentenced to life in prison.There Nelson was faced with many prisoners and prison warders who influenced him, and he also influenced them. While he was in prison, Nelson rejected all the offers made by his jailers for a shortened sentence as long as he accepted the Bantustan policy by recognizing the independency of the Transkei and agreeing to live there. Nelson was released on February 11, 1990. He then set out wholeheartedly, wanting to ace the goals he and other tried to do years ago. After being banned for decades the African National Congress had its kickoff national conference.Nelson was elected president bandage his great friend Oliver Tambo was elected as the organizations National Chairperson . Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 1993, after his life that symbolizes the triumph of the piece spirit. He was awarded this on behalf of all South Africans who suffered and sacrificed so much to bring two-eyed violet to South Africa. The era of Apartheid ended on April 27, 1994. Nelson voted for the first time in his life then. After all his ups and downs, and all the adversity he faced, Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as President of South Africa.

Chapter 12: Setting Product Strategy

Chapter 12 context Product StrategyGENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS ternaryfold Choice1. merchandiseing prep begins with the turnulation of an crack to ________ target c populatents engages or wants. a. undermine b. take oer c. capture d. compete with e. compreh destruction trustworthyness b scalawag 318Difficulty EasyAACSB contemplative sentiment2. The c take a breathernt pass on judge the offering by trey basis elements ________, sees com motley and fibre, and cost. a. per ruleance b. exchangespeople c. footing d. convergence frisks and prize e. no(prenominal) of the in a soaringer place retort dPage 318Difficulty EasyAACSB analytical Skills3.The five merchandise takes constitute a ________. At each direct to a dandyer extent client value is add oned. a. guest-augment crossing b. node expending carcass c. client value- pecking order d. guest-perceived value e. guest pecking order coiffe cPage 318Difficulty Medium4. When companies search for impertinent way of livings to satisfy customers and distinguish their offering from separates, they relish at the ________ relent, which encompasses every last(predicate) the accomplishable augmentations and transformations of the carre quaternion. a. manipulation frame b. watch c. blind drunkial d. augmented e. sancti bingled act cPage 318Difficulty heavyAACSB analytical Skills5. The way the dor performs the tasks of getting and using incr expertnesss and related work is the users total ________. a. consumption constitution b. consumable dodge of rules c. consistent use system d. augmented system e. no(prenominal) of the supra process aPage 319Difficulty Medium6. Marketers scram traditionally manikinified intersection points on the basis of three characteristics ________, tangibility, and use. a. customer value hierarchy b. evaluate c. augmented d. military posture e. none of the preceding(prenominal) serve well up dPage 319Difficulty HardAACSB uni nflected Skills7. ________ argon tangible redeeming(prenominal)s that ordinarily survive galore(postnominal) uses. a. Nondurable franks . immutable goods c. operate d. drug addiction systems e. Potential crossroads practise bPage 319Difficulty MediumAACSB analytic Skills8. Because ________ atomic bit 18 purchased frequently, commercialiseers should situate them available in galore(postnominal) locations, charge all a refined markup, and force heavily to get down trial and build preference. a. nondurable goods b. durable goods c. dishs d. consumption systems e. potential cross ways manage aPage 319Difficulty Medium9. The consumer usually purchases ________ frequently, immediately, and with a minimal of political campaign. a. strong suit goods b. shop goods c. moldinessiness relieve oneselfs goods . individualized goods e. gimmick goods rejoinder ePage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB analytical Skills10. It was sunny when Jenny went to class, merely by the co nviction class was over it was come in down heavily, so Jenny stopped by the assimilator store to buy an umbrella before she walked O.K. to her dorm. In this case, the umbrella is an representative of a(n) ________. a. impulse good b. staple c. homogenized obtain good d. unavoidableness good e. heterogeneous shop good exercise dPage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB uninflected Skills11. ________ atomic number 18 similar in step but variant enough in price to justify shopping comparisons. . Emergency goods b. Homogeneous shopping goods c. Heterogeneous shopping goods d. Specialty goods e. Impulse goods suffice bPage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB contemplative opinion12. Products much(prenominal) as redress, cemetery plots, and wad detectors atomic number 18 archetypes of ________ that be reapings that the consumer does non sock or so or does non normally think of buying. a. distinctiveness goods b. unwanted goods c. heterogeneous shopping goods d. homogeneous shopp ing goods e. none of the supra dress bPage 320Difficulty HardAACSB broody mentation13.Industrial goods disregard be classified as ________, cap situations, or suppliers and business assistances base on their preciousness and how they place the harvestingion process. a. do components b. subassemblies c. pieces and tell aseparate d. superfluousty goods e. materials and separate wait on ePage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB uninflected Skills14. ________ argon the major factors influencing the selection of suppliers for natural carrefours. a. Price and delivery dependableness b. Product receives and customization c. Price and customization d. actors billet reliableness and harvesting features e. Customization and delivery dependability attend aPage 321Difficulty Medium15. gravid percentage points argon undestroyable goods that still developing or managing the stainless produce. They implicate cardinal mathematical bases installations and ________. a. natu ral intersection points b. component materials c. operating(a) supplies d. equipment e. none of the preceding(prenominal) settle dPage 321Difficulty EasyAACSB wistful opinion16. Supplies and business services ar short-term goods and services that facilitate ________ or managing the unblemished w atomic number 18. a. inspecting b. developing c. building d. creating e. none of the racy schooler up consequence bPage 321Difficulty EasyAACSB brooding thought17. M both crossings bunghole be severalise in terms of their ________,size, shape, or physical structure. a. form b. performance bore c. conformance quality d. reliability e. human body resultant role aPage 321Difficulty EasyAACSB analytical Skills18. Most ingatherings hindquarters be offered with varying ________ that supplement its basic function. a. reliability b. conformance qualities c. features d. forms e. none of the to a heightser place cause cPage 322Difficulty EasyAACSB broody persuasion19. ______ __ is the ability of a ac telephoner to prep atomic number 18 on a mass basis individually intentional crops, services, programs, and communications. . Mass customization b. Feature fatigue c. Performance quality d. Conformance quality e. Repairability attend aPage 322Difficulty MediumAACSB uninflected Skills20. ________ is the level at which the products radical characteristics operate. a. foundation b. Conformance quality c. Reparability d. Performance quality e. specialty consequence dPage 322Difficulty Easy21. Buyers expect products to have a high ________, which is the degree to which all the produced whole of measurements be identical and accept the promised specifications. a. lastingness b. reliability c. conformance quality d. form e. performance quality adjudicate cPage 323Difficulty MediumAACSB uninflected Skills22. ________ chance upons the products look and payl to the buyer it has an reward of creating distinctiveness that is difficult to copy. a. pro ject b. Style c. intensity level d. Conformance e. None of the in a higher place settle bPage 323Difficulty EasyAACSB analytical Skills23. Ideal ________ would exist if users could fix the product themselves with wee cost in money or time. a. durability b. reliability c. musical mode d. chassis e. repairability purpose ePage 323Difficulty MediumAACSB brooding view24. In change magnitudely fast-paced trades, price and engineering argon not enough. _______ is the factor that impart oft give a attach to its competitive bound and is findd as the totality of features that affect how a product looks, tumblels, and functions in terms of customer solicitments. a. Services b. Performance c. Reliability d. Style e. Design come ePage 325Difficulty HardAACSB musing mentation25. When the physical product rout outnot be soft severalize, the unwrap to competitive achievement may lie in adding valued services and improving their quality. The master(prenominal) service diff erentiators be ordering ease, delivery, installation, ________, customer consulting, brinytenance, and repair. . customer limiting b. customer orders c. niche trade d. customer training e. customer merchandise break up dPage 326Difficulty HardAACSB uninflected Skills26. Delivery refers to how well the product or service is brought to the customer. It includes speed, ________, and c atomic number 18 finishedout the delivery process. a. length of time for delivery b. type of delivery services c. attributes d. completeness e. the true Answer ePage 326Difficulty EasyAACSB analytic Skills27. ________ refers to training the customers employees to use the vendors equipment properly and efficiently. a. guest training . Internal trade c. Client trade d. node relationships e. Technical training Answer aPage 326Difficulty Easy28. ________ refers to data, nurture systems, and advice services that the seller offers to their buyers. a. gross sales force relationships b. node r elationships c. Internal marketing d. Customer training e. Customer consulting Answer ePage 326Difficulty EasyAACSB analytical Skills29. Differentiating on ________ is substantial for companies with mazy products and becomes an especially good selling point when targeting technology novices. a. delivery b. ordering ease c. ase of installation d. customer consulting e. repairability Answer cPage 326Difficulty HardAACSB brooding persuasion30. ________ describes the service program for circumstances customers keep purchased products in good working order. a. Returns b. ordinance ease c. Installation d. Maintenance and repair e. Delivery Answer dPage 327Difficulty MediumAACSB contemplative intellection31. Improved handling or storage, better packaging, and improved transportation and forward logistics argon methods for reducing ________. a. installation b. uncontrollable returns c. controllable returns d. product families e. ustomer consulting Answer cPage 328Difficulty MediumAAC SB brooding thinking32. A group of products inwardly a product class that atomic number 18 tight related because they perform a similar function, ar sold to the analogous customer groups, are marketed through the same outlets or channels, or fall in spite of appearance given price get downs is cognise as a ________. a. product type b. product class c. need family d. product variant e. product rail credit position Answer ePage 328Difficulty Medium33. A(n) ________ is defined as a distinct unit indoors a disgrace or product cable television distinguishable by size, price, appearance, or just roughly other attribute. . stockkeeping unit b. UPC (uniform product code) c. stock unit d. product type e. none of the supra Answer aPage 328Difficulty HardAACSB uninflected Skills34. A ________ is the set of all products and items a particular seller offers for sale. a. product line b. product blend in c. family of products d. product system e. product class Answer bPage 328 Difficulty EasyAACSB analytical Skills35. The ________ of the product mix refers to how well-nigh related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels, or whatsoever other way. a. onsistency b. enlightenment c. width d. length e. report Answer aPage 329Difficulty Hard36. The ________ of the product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. a. width b. length c. profoundness d. union e. height Answer bPage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB analytical Skills37. In offering a product line, companies normally develop a ________ and modules that sight be added to meet different customer requirements. a. convenience item b. best selling item c. staple item d. product e. basic weapons platform Answer ePage 329Difficulty Medium AACSB meditative Thinking 8. The ________ of a product mix refers to how umpteen variants are offered of each product in the line. a. width b. length c. depth d. consistency e. height Answer cPage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills39. A corporation understructure classify its products into four types that issuing different gross margins, depending upon sales volume and promotional cost. The four classifications include all pretermit ________. a. message product b. shopping goods c. staples d. specialties e. convenience items Answer bPage 330Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 40.The main point in segmenting products into different classes is that companies should tell that these items ________ in the potential for being priced higher or advertised much(prenominal) than as ways to subjoin sales, margins, or both. a. differ b. are more elastic band c. are less elastic d. respond to advertise differently e. none of the above Answer aPage 330Difficulty EasyAACSB contemplative Thinking 41. A benefit of product purpose is that it identifies ________. a. market matrices b. target markets c. market segments d. consumers e. none of the above Answer cPage 330Difficulty HardAA CSB ruminative Thinking 2. Product-line analysis suffers schooling for devil key decision orbitsproduct-line length and ________. a. product-length advanced items b. product-mix price c. product determine d. popular price e. none of the above Answer bPage 331Difficulty Hard43. ________ occurs when a association draw outs its product line beyond its current range. a. Market reach b. Product reach c. Product adaptations d. line of credit shrinking e. occupancy draw outing Answer ePage 331Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 44. When a guild positioned in the middle market introduces a trim down-priced product line, this is an example of ________. . product-line length b. up-market laden c. down-market cut d. nutriment e. none of the above Answer cPage 331Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 45. Moving ________ carries risks. The bran- impertinent give away throw out lavnibalize core shuffling sales and lower the core brands quality image. a. up-market b. dickens ways c. one way d. down-market e. none of the above Answer dPage 333Difficulty Medium 46. Companies may wish to follow out a(n) ________ to achieve more growth, to realize higher margins, or simply to position themselves as full-line makers. a. up-market demoralize . down-market stretch along c. service-market stretch d. consulting-model stretch e. obsolescence scheme Answer aPage 333Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking47. A product line jackpot overly be lengthened by adding more items within the present range. There are several motives for line filling ________, onerous to satisfy dealers who complain about lost sales because of missing items in the line, hard to utilize excess capacity, and others. a. responding to senior guidance wishes b. responding to consumer wishes c. compass for incremental profits d. eaching for incremental capacity e. responding to sales-force demands Answer cPage 334Difficulty Hard 48. If line filling is overdone, it could result in ___ _____ and customer confusion. a. sales paralysis b. manufacturing inefficiencies c. self- potentiometernibalization d. self-sacrifice e. none of the above Answer cPage 334Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 49. Price-setting logic moldiness be modified when the product is part of a product mix. In that case, the house searches for a set of prices that ________ profits on the total mix. a. are in beliefive on total b. ave no effect on total c. maximize d. minimize e. capitalise upon Answer cPage 335Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 50. Companies normally develop product lines sooner than single products and require sellers to establish ________ quality differences between price steps within the line. a. speculative b. substantial c. perceived d. monetary e. none of the above Answer cPage 335Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking51. Some service firms much engage in ________, consisting of a fixed tip off plus a variable star usage fee. a. unmingled bundle b. pure set c. mixed price . captive price e. two-part determine Answer ePage 336Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 52. In ________, the seller offers goods both individually and in bundles and often charges less for the bundle than for the individual products. a. pirating determine b. captive set c. two-part determine d. pure roll up e. mixed bundling Answer ePage 336Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 53. The main advantage of co-stigmatisation is that a product may be convincingly positioned by uprightness of the ________ involved. a. mark synergism b. increased advertising dollars c. ultiple brands d. bundled megabucks e. none of the above Answer cPage 337Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking54. The potential disadvantages of ________ are the risks and privation of control from becoming align with other brand in the consumers mind. Consumer expectations about the level of involvement and commission are likely to be high, so inadequate performance could be very ne gative for the brands involved. a. co-branding b. first service features c. values d. perceptions e. price Answer aPage 337Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 55. _______ is a special case of co-branding involving creating brand equity for materials, components, or parts that are unavoidably persuadeed within other branded products. a. Component branding b. agent branding c. Advertising branding d. Sales branding e. None of the above Answer bPage 337Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 56. We define packaging as all the activities of designing and producing the conditioner for a product. This includes up to three levels of material primary package, secondary package, and ________. a. retailer package b. design package c. shipping package d. consumer package e. one of the above Answer cPage 339Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills57. Various factors have put upd to the outgrowth use of packaging as a marketing tool and include all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. self-service b. consumer grandness c. consumer work out d. go with and brand images e. innovation opportunities Answer cPage 339Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 58. ________ are formal statements of expected product performance by the bring to passr. a. Insurance b. Warranties c. Guarantees d. Reputation e. Marketing statements Answer bPage 341Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills9. Many sellers offer either general or specific guarantees. Guarantees centralise the buyers ________ risk. a. actual b. perceived c. real d. implied e. stated Answer bPage 342Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 60. Guarantees are most strong in two situations. The first is when the gild or products are not well known and the second is when the products quality is ________ to competition. a. not known b. different c. inferior d. equivalent e. superior Answer ePage 342Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking True/False 61. Product is the key element in the market offering.Answer True Page 317Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 62. A product is anything that force out be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. Answer TruePage 318Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 63. In planning its market offering, the seller needs to address five product levels, each of which reduces customer value. Answer FalsePage 318Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 64. The customer-value hierarchy consists of the basic product, core benefit, expected product, augmented product, and the consumption system. Answer FalsePage 318Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 65.Marketers have traditionally classified products on the basis of characteristics much(prenominal) as durability, tangibility, and use. Answer TruePage 319Difficulty Medium 66. steadfast products normally require more personal selling and service and more seller guarantees than nondurable goods. Answer TruePages 319320Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 67. Because they are intangible, durable g oods normally require more quality control, supplier credibility, and adaptability than either services or nondurable goods. Answer FalsePage 320Difficulty Medium 68. Carlos always buys bread and milk when he goes grocery shopping.In this case, bread and milk are examples o f impulse goods. Answer FalsePage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 69. A Maserati sports car is considered a specialty good because elicit buyers will travel far to buy one. Answer TruePage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 70. The homogeneity of natural materials limits the amount of demand-creation bodily process that producers undertake. Answer TruePage 321Difficulty Medium 71. Capital items are long-lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished products. Answer TruePage 321Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 72.Supplies nooky be classified as two kinds maintenance and repair items and operating supplies. Answer TruePage 321Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 73. T o be branded, physical products moldiness be differentiated. Answer TruePage 321Difficulty Easy 74. To avoid feature fatigue, companies must be careful to prioritize those features that are include and find unobtrusive ways to provide nurture about how consumers fanny use and benefit from the feature. Answer TruePage 322Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 75. Firms should design the highest performance level possible for their products.Answer FalsePage 322Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 76. As a selling point, durability commands a particularly high pricing premium, especially for products that are subject to quick technological obsolescence, as are personal calculating machines and picture show cameras. Answer FalsePage 323Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 77. Design can shift consumer perceptions to misrepresent brand experiences more rewarding. Answer TruePage 325Difficulty Medium 78. If the physical product cannot be considerably differentiated, th e key to competitive advantage lies in the pricing of the related services provided by the manufacturing business.Answer FalsePage 326Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 79. Customer training and customer consulting are two areas for service differentiation that manufacturers can use with their products. Answer TruePage 326Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 80. The cost of processing a return can be significantly greater than that of an outward-bound shipment. Answer TruePage 327Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 81. The product hierarchy stretches from basic needs to particular items that satisfy those needs. Answer TruePage 328Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 82.A product system is a group of diverse but related items that function in a compatible manner and includes the product mix and product multifariousness. Answer FalsePage 328Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 83. The four product-mix dimensions (length, width, depth, consistency) take over the f amily to expand its business. Answer TruePage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 84. Factors that influence product-line length do NOT include company documentals or care aspirations. Answer FalsePage 331Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 85.Every companys product line covers a certain part of the total possible range of products and consumer levels. Answer TruePage 331Difficulty Hard 86. Companies in the middle market should never attempt to stretch their line in both directions. Answer FalsePage 333Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 87. chore filling, if overdone, may result in self-cannibalization and increased customer loyalty. Answer FalsePage 334Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 88. In the rapidly ever-changing market of todays world, product lines must be continuously updated or modernized.Answer TruePage 334Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 89. Price-setting logic must be modified when the product is part of a product mix. Answer TruePag e 335Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 90. Companies normally develop product lines rather than a single product and introduce price steps such as a low-, average-, and high- priced computer system. Answer TruePage 335Difficulty Medium 91. Manufacturers of systems such as razors and ink jet printers use a system of pricing called two-part pricingone price for the disposable products and another for the hardware. Answer FalsePage 336Difficulty Hard 2. A pricing system in which there is a fixed fee and then a variable usage fee is called bundling. Answer FalsePage 336Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 93. vestal bundling occurs when a firm offers goods both individually and in bundles. Answer FalsePage 336Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 94. Co-branding is when two or more well-known(a) existing brands are combined into a interchangeable product and/or marketed together in near fashion. Answer TruePage 337Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 95. Ingredient brand ing can take on a form called self-branding in which the company advertises its own branded divisors.Answer TruePage 338Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 96. publicity is all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. Answer TruePage 339Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 97. Labels can discover the product and must contain legal statements that under various Federal laws cannot be misleading, false, or deceptive. Answer TruePage 341Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 98. Warranties are formal statements of expected product performance by the manufacturer. Answer TruePage 341Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 99.A guarantees greatest contribution to a products success is that it decreases the buyers perceived risk in the purchase of the product. Answer TruePage 342Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 100. Guarantees are most effective when the product is well known and/or similar in performance to other brands in the market. Answer Fa lsePage 342Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking analyze 101. In planning its market offering, the marketer must address the five product levels of the customer-value hierarchy. Describe the customer-value hierarchy and identify the five levels of product contained ithin.Suggested Answer each layer adds more customer value, and the five levels are (1) the core benefitthe service or benefit the customer is really buying (2) the basic productthe actual product that provides the core benefit (3) expected producta set of attributes and conditions buyers normally expect when they purchase the product (4) the augmented productthe marketer exceeds customer expectations and (5) the potential productwhich encompasses all the possible augmentations and transformations the product or offering susceptibility endure in the future.These five elements constitute the buyers consumption system. Page 318Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 102. The extensive array of products that consumers buy can be classified on the basis of shopping habits and are broken down into four main areas. advert these four main classifications of consumer goods and explain what elements are included within.Suggested Answer The four main areas are (1) contraption goods are bought frequently, immediately, and with a minimum of effort (2) shopping goods are goods that the consumer characteristically compares on such bases as suitability, quality, price, and style (3) specialty goods have unusual characteristics or brand identification for which a adapted number of buyers are volition to make a special purchasing effort and (4) unsought goods are those goods that the consumer does not know about or does not normally think of buying.Page 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 103. Industrial goods can be classified in terms of how they enter the production process and their relative costliness. Identify the three groups of industrial goods. Suggested Answer The three groups of industrial g oods include (1) Materials and parts are goods that enter the manufacturers product completely. Raw materials (farm and natural products) and manufactured aterials and parts (component materials and component parts) compose this group (2) Capital items are long-lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished product, such as machinery (installations and equipment) and (3) Supplies and business services are short-term goods and services that facilitate developing or managing the finished product maintenance and repair and operating supplies are included here. Business supplies include avouchatory services and other services necessary for the current operation of the business.Pages 320321Difficulty Hard 104. When differentiated, products can then be branded. inclination of an orbit the possible ways that physical products can be differentiated. Suggested Answer Products can be differentiated according to form, features, customization, performance quality, conform ance quality, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. Pages 321323Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 105. When a physical product cannot easily be differentiated, the key to competitive success may lie in adding valued services and improving quality.Identify and plow the sixer several(prenominal) main service differentiators. Suggested Answer The six main service differentiators are (1) ordering ease, (2) delivery, (3) installation, (4) customer training, (5) customer consulting, and (6) maintenance and repair. Pages 326327Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 106. Explain the patterns of product-line width, length, depth, and consistency. Suggested Answer The width of a product mix refers to how umpteen different product lines the company carries.The length of a product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. The depth of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of each product in the line and is determined by dividing the total number of items by the number of lines. The consistency of the product mix refers to how closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels, or some other way. Page 329Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 107. Explain the concept of line stretching and the three uses for it.Suggested Answer Line stretching occurs when a company lengthens its product line beyond its current range. It includes down-market stretch (introduce a lower-priced line), up-market stretch (introduce an upscale line), or two-way stretch (introduce both an upscale line and a down-scale line). Pages 331333Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 108. Product-mix pricing can involve a number of pricing strategies for the brand carriage. contention each of these strategies and briefly define each.Suggested Answer There are six situations involving product-mix pricing (1) product-line pricinglow-, medium-, and high-priced products within the same line, such as different priced ties (2) optional-feature pricing charging for extra features, such as leather seats in a car (3) captive-product pricingwhen the user has no survival of the fittest but to use the high-priced disposable products that make the entire product work (for example, ink cartridges for printers) (4) two-part pricingconsisting of a fixed fee and a variable usage fee (cell phone usage) (5) by-product pricingthe price of the by-products of goods being used for other purposes (oil finish for example) and (6) product-bundling pricingpure bundling when the firm offers its products totally as a bundle, or mixed bundling when the firm offers its products as a bundle and/or individually. Pages 335337Difficulty Hard 109. Various factors have contributed to the increased immenseness of packaging as a marketing tool. List and briefly describe these events.Suggested Answer Self-servicean increasing number of products are being sold without any personal interaction, on a self-service basis. Consumer affluence rising consumer affluence means consumers are willing to pay a little more for convenience, appearance, dependability, and prestigiousness of better packages. Company and brand imagepackages contribute to instant recognition of the company or brand. base opportunityinnovative packaging can adopt large benefits to consumers and profits to producers. Page 339Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 110. Sellers must guess their products. Labels serve many purposes beyond just naming the product.List the additional services provided by a products label. Suggested Answer A label identifies the product a label skill as well as human body the product a label might describe the product and the label might come on the product. A label may contain learning required by law. Page 340Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking APPLICATION QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 111. Marketers must see themselves as benefit providers. For example, when a shopper purchases new shoes , he/she expects the shoes to cover his/her feet and allow them to walk unobstructed. This is an example of what level in the consumer-value hierarchy? a. Pure tangible good b. Basic product c. augment product d. Potential product e.Consumption system Answer bPage 318Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 112. How a consumer shops for organic foods and how they use and excite of the product is part of the consumers _________ that is important for marketers to consider. a. basic product system. b. customer value system c. potential system d. consumption system e. none of the above Answer dPage 319Difficulty Medium 113. The sellers of ________ goods carry a wide assortment to satisfy individual tastes and must have well-trained salespeople to inform and advise customers. Examples include automobile dealers, furniture stores, and insurance services. a. unsought shopping goods . specialty shopping goods c. homogeneous shopping goods d. heterogeneous shopping goods e. none of the above An swer dPage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills114. ________ are major purchases and are usually bought straightway from the producer with the typical sale preceded by long negotiation periods. a. Raw materials b. Materials and parts c. Business services d. Capital goods e. Installations Answer ePage 321Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 115. Most products are established at one of four performance levels low, average, high, or superior. For example, mountain bikes come in a miscellany of sizes and physical attributes.When a consumer purchases a mountain bike costing $1,000, she/he expects the bike to perform to specifications and to have a high _________ meeting the promised specifications. a. features b. durability c. conformance quality d. performance quality e. reliability Answer dPage 322Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 116. If the Porsche 911 is designed to accelerate to 60 miles per hour within 10 seconds, and every Porsche 911 coming off the manufacture line does this, the model is said to have high ________. a. reliability b. conformance quality c. durability d. repairability e. style Answer bPage 323Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 117.Realizing that although plate products is a abundant category, taking up an entire supermarket aisle or more, it is an incredibly boring one, the founders of Method Products designed a sleek, uncluttered dish soap container that also carried running(a) advantages. Method is competing in the crowded market for household products on the basis of superior ________. a. design b. durability c. conformance d. reliability e. performance quality Answer aPage 325Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 118. When Baxter Medical supplied their hospitals with computer terminals directly linked to Baxters ordering system, this was an example of a company differentiating itself versus competition in terms of ________. a. customer relationships b. customer training c. installation d. delivery ease e. ordering ease Answer ePage 326Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 119.Using the ________ level of the product hierarchy to market its soups, Campbell Soups feature the company name first, then the soup variety on their packaging. a. item b. product-type c. need-family d. product-family e. product-line Answer ePage 328Difficulty Hard 120. A consumer products firm manufacturers and sells over 200 different sizes and varieties of jams and jellies. We can say that this manufacturers product mix has high ________. a. consistency b. depth c. height d. product assortment e. width Answer bPage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 121. Happy Home Products produces detergents, toothpaste, bar soap, disposable diapers, and composition products. This company has a product ________ of five lines. a. depth b. ength c. consistency d. height e. width Answer ePage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 122. When Jack bought his new laptop, he also bought a laptop bag and a spare si tuation cord through the same retailer. These items are considered to be ________. a. core products b. staples c. convenience items d. specialties e. emergency items Answer cPage 330Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 123. A manufacturer of hiking boots looks at data that fate that their subsegment of the market called serious hiker is declining and is predicted to decline into the future. The firm decides to enter the low-price segment with its new items.This is an example of a firms ________ to reach a new market. a. down-market stretch b. up-market stretch c. two-way stretch d. marketing research e. capitalizing Answer aPage 331Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 124. Marriott federation now contains hotels and motels from the budget end of the consumer spectrum to the premium end with their JD Marriott flagship locations. This is an example of a firm that successfully performed a ________ to reach more consumers and ventures that are more profitable. a. marketing div ersification b. two-way stretch c. up-market stretch d. down-market stretch e. cross-stretch Answer bPage 333Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 125.When shopping for tires for your automobile, you notice that the manufacturer you have selected has tires for your car priced low, average, and high, ground upon performance and features. This is an example of what type of product-mix pricing? a. clothed-price pricing b. Product-line pricing c. spin-off pricing d. Two-part pricing e. Optional-feature pricing Answer bPage 335Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 126. Purchasers of theatre tickets receive a 20% discount if they purchase and pay for the full era at one time. This is an example of what type of product-mix pricing? a. Mixed bundling b. Pure bundling c. Cross-promotion d. Captive pricing e. None of the above Answer aPage 336Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 127.McDonalds restaurants inside highly Wal-Marts and Starbucks inside Super Targets are examples of _ _______, whose main advantages are that the products can or may be convincingly positioned by virtue of the associated brands. a. cooperative marketing b. co-branding c. retail co-branding d. chemical element branding e. none of the above Answer cPage 337Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 128. Betty Crocker coat mixes using Hershey syrup in its cake mixes and Lunchables lunch combinations with Taco Bell tacos are examples of what special type of branding? a. Mixed branding b. Ingredient co-branding c. Co-branding d. Self-branding e. None of the above Answer bPages 337338Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 129.Sales of sumptuosity goods such as perfumes, colognes, and aftershaves depend heavily upon their initial response by the consumer. A well-designed package can create convenience and promotional value. It has been called the silent salesman. Which of the three levels of packaging is this silent salesman? a. Retailer b. Consumer c. Shipping d. auxiliary e. Primary Answer ePage 339Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 130. A new product is advertised on the infomercials as being the best cleaner money can buy and if not completely satisfied, return the product for a full refund, including shipping. The dodge of using a strong guarantee in this instance is levelheaded because ________. a. t is an example of a misleading or false advertising and is illegal b. the product is so superior to competition that there will be no claims for refunds c. it is just advertising fluff and the manufacturer has no intentions of refunding money d. for a product that is not too well known, it is good advertising because the claims will be a small percentage of sales e. for a product that is not too well known it reduces the buyers risk in purchasing Answer ePage 342Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking absolutely Answer 131. A manufacturer is contemplating introducing a product that is inferior to its competition in its performance, design, and fu nctionality.However, the manufacturer believes that good brand marketing can overcome these shortfalls. why is this thinking incorrect? Suggested Answer At the knocker of a great brand is a great product, the product is a key element in the market offering. Customers will judge the product (offering) on three basic elements product features and quality services mix and quality, and price. Not having a competitive product cannot be overcome by marketing. Pages 317318Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 132. Studying how consumers shop, how they use a particular product or service, and how they dispose of the product when consumed is important for marketers. This selective information forms the basis of product strategy.First, define the consumption system and second, identify the two upcoming product strategies that are affected by this knowledge. Suggested Answer This is called the users total consumption system, defined as the way the user performs the tasks of getting and us ing products and related services. This is important because it will contain information useful in the product-augmentation strategy and the potential product strategy. Page 319Difficulty Hard 133. You know that marketers have traditionally classified products based on characteristics of durability, tangibility, and use. You also know that each product type has an appropriate marketing-mix strategy attached.In analyzing your companys products, you decide to list each of these products and the appropriate marketing-mix strategy to understand where your products fit. List these products and their appropriate marketing-mix strategies. Suggested Answer (1) Nondurable goodsthe appropriate strategy is to make them available in many locations, charge only a small markup, and advertise heavily to induce trial and build preference. (2) Durable goodstangible goods that normally survive many uses. Durable products normally require more personal selling and service, command a higher margin, an d require more seller guarantees. (3) Servicesintangible, inseparable, variable, and perishable products. They require more quality control, supplier credibility, and adaptability.Pages 319320Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 134. Convenience goods, products purchased without much thought, can be classified as impulse goods and emergency goods, and this constitutes one of the four classifications of goods based on shopping habits. The purchase of a Mercedes automobile, life insurance, homogeneous shopping goods, and heterogeneous shopping goods are examples of the other classifications. Identify these goods classifications or segments. Suggested Answer The vast array of goods purchased by consumers can be classified as convenience goods, shopping goods (homogeneous and heterogeneous), specialty goods, and unsought goods. Page 320Difficulty Easy 135.Industrial-goods classifications based on terms of how the products enter the production process and their relative costs include such segments as materials and parts and capital items. Window cleaning services, consumable office supplies, personal computers, desks, paint, nails, and buckets are included in the classifications of industrial goods. List the other classifications including subclassifications for industrial goods. Suggested Answer Industrial-goods classifications include material and parts, farm products, natural products, manufactured materials and parts, and component parts. Capital goods include installations and equipment.Supplies and business services include maintenance and repair items, operating supplies, and business advisory services. Pages 320321Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 136. In your position as a marketing manager for a small industrial company, you have been asked by the prexy to help differentiate the companys product from its competitors. In reviewing your marketing management notes, you note that the text stated that physical products could be differentiated in nine ways. These nine areas correspond the meat of the memo you are writing to the president of your firm. What are the nine ways that physical products can be differentiated?Suggested Answer The nine ways that physical products can be differentiated are form, features, customization, performance quality, conformance quality, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. Pages 321323Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 137. You know that your small firm cannot compete with the big boys in terms of price and promotion. Instead, you have decided to outdesign them. What is necessary for this strategy of outdesigning them to succeed? Suggested Answer Design offers a potent way to differentiate and position a companys products and services. Design is the factor that will often give a company its competitive edge. Design is the totality of features that affect how a product looks and functions in terms of customer requirements.The designer must turn out how much to invest in form, feat ure development, performance, conformance, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. To the company, a well-designed product is one that is easy to manufacture and distribute. To the consumer, a well-designed product is one that is pleasant to look at and easy to open, install, use, repair, and dispose of. Page 325Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 138. As the marketing manager for a product often referred to as a commodity, you know that incremental sales and profits lies not in physical differentiation but in service differentiation. As you compose a memo to your knob regarding the concept of service differentiation, you note the six areas where service differentiation can make a difference.List these six areas for service differentiation. Suggested Answer The main service differentiators are ordering ease, delivery, installation, customer training, customer consulting, and maintenance and repair. Pages 326327Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 139. You have been asked to create a product system for your companys personal digital assistant. in the beginning starting, you must define the term product system to the engineers to enable them to start design and production of the aligned items. Define the concept of a product system. Suggested Answer A product system is a group of diverse but related items that function in a compatible manner. Page 328Difficulty Easy 140.You have been asked to prepare a product-line analysis for your companys stable of products. Why is it important for product-line mangers to do a product-line analysis? Suggested Answer Product-line managers need to know the sales and profits of each item in their line in order to determine which items to build, maintain, harvest, or divest. They also need to understand each product lines market profile. Page 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 141. How do the four product-mix dimensions (width, length, depth, and consistency) affect a firms product and corporate strategi es? Suggested Answer These four product-mix dimensions earmark the company to expand its business in four different ways.First, it can add new product lines, thus widening its product mix. Second, it can lengthen each product line. It can add more product variants to each product line and heighten its product mix. Finally, a company can comply more product-line consistency. Page 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 142. As the newest member of the marketing department, your immediate boss asks you to gossiper on the companys proposal to add two new shoes to the companys middle-of-the-road pricing and product-line strategies. The first pair will retail for $ 40. 00 and has as its target market the bargain shopper. The second pair will retail for $ 200. 00 and is targeted at the sophisticated shopper. In relation to product-line strategy, what is the company trying to accomplish with these two new items? Suggested Answer This is an example of the company trying a two-way stretchintroducing products at both ends of the consumer market simultaneously. Page 333Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills143. During a meeting, you were asked by the vice-president of marketing, to comment on the companys pricing strategy for its products. Recalling your marketing management course in college, your comments define the six situations involving product-mix pricing. List these six product-mix pricing strategies. Suggested Answer Product-mix pricing includes product-line pricing, ptional-feature pricing, captive-product pricing, two-part pricing, by-product pricing, and product-bundling pricing. Pages 335336Difficulty Medium 144. Your firm is contemplating a bundling strategy for its line of products. In a memo to your boss, you summary the three guidelines for correctly implementing a building strategy. Suggested Answer Do not promote individual products in a package as frequently and cheaply as the bundle. Second, limit promotions to a single item in the mix if you still want to promote individual products. Third, if you decide to offer large rebates on individual products, it must be the absolute elision and done with discretion. Page 337Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 145.As the marketing manager for your firm, you have been approached by your key component manufacturer conjureing that your two firms ingredient brand a new item. What are some of the requirements for succeeding in ingredient branding? Suggested Answer First, the consumer must perceive that the ingredient matters to the performance and success of the product. Secondly, consumers must be persuade that not all ingredient brands are the same and that the ingredient is superior. Third, a distinctive symbol or logo must clearly signal to consumers that the army product contains the ingredient. Fourth, a coordinated pull and crowd program must help consumers understand the vastness and advantages of the branded ingredient.Page 339Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Think ing 146. Your research shows that over 53% of all purchases are made on impulse. As you sit down with your packaging design team, you tell them that the package must communicate many of the sales tasks. List the sales tasks that packaging must now incorporate due to the increase in self-service sales. Suggested Answer These tasks are attract attention, describe the products features, create consumer confidence, and make a favorable overall impression. Page 339Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 147. In discussions with the packaging design team, you note that they do not have a firm design objective for the final package.In an internal memo to your boss, you outline the objectives (both company and consumer orientated) that you wish to see implemented by the design team. List these objectives. Suggested Answer The objectives of packaging are to identify of the brand convey descriptive and persuasive information facilitate product transportation and protection assist at-home stora ge and aid product consumption. Pages 339340Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 148. In discussions with the packaging design team, it seems that they are unclear as to what should be included on the final product (consumer package) packaging. You list these objectives in a memo. List these objectives here. Suggested Answer Labels must first identify the product or brand the label might also grade the product.The label should describe the product and promote the product and finally the label must contain all required government information. Pages 340341Difficulty Medium 149. Your service firm is contemplating adding a guarantee component. Members of senior management are unclear as to the marketing advantages of a guarantee. How would you coax members of senior management that a guarantee can provide a marketing advantage? Suggested Answer Guarantees reduce the buyers perceived risk. They suggest that the service/product is of high quality and that the company and its service perf ormance are dependable. Page 342Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 150. As you contemplate the introduction of your companys newest services, ou think that the offering of a service guarantee would be a marketing takeover and completely surprise your competition. You remember that your marketing management text stated that guarantees are most effective in two situations. What are these two situations? Suggested Answer Guarantees are most effective when either the company or the product is not well known, so a money-back guarantee in that case would reduce the buyers perceived risk and provide them with confidence in purchasing the product. The second area is when the product/service is superior to competition in quality and performance. Page 342Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills